Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by the Leptospira species, primarily transmitted to humans through contact with water, soil, or food contaminated by the urine of infected animals, particularly rodents, cows, and dogs. In Pakistan, the disease has been increasingly reported, especially after heavy rainfall or flooding, which is common during the monsoon season.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are approximately 1 million cases of leptospirosis worldwide each year, resulting in 59,000 deaths. Although specific data for Pakistan is limited, outbreaks have occurred, particularly in flood-prone regions such as Sindh and Punjab. Following the 2010 floods, a significant increase in leptospirosis cases was recorded, contributing to a rise in morbidity in affected areas. The lack of accurate and comprehensive data makes it difficult to assess the true scale of the problem in the country.

Symptoms of leptospirosis include fever, headache, muscle pain, chills, and vomiting. In severe cases, the disease can cause liver damage, kidney failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress, which can be fatal if left untreated. Early diagnosis is critical, yet leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed because its symptoms resemble those of other illnesses such as malaria and dengue.

Several factors contribute to the spread of leptospirosis in Pakistan, including contaminated water sources, inadequate waste management, and poor sanitation. Flooding increases the risk of contact with infected water, particularly in areas with inadequate sewage and drainage systems. Reports from the National Institute of Health (NIH) highlight Pakistan’s significant challenges in controlling waterborne diseases, including leptospirosis, particularly in rural and underserved urban regions.

To address this issue, improved healthcare access, better disease surveillance, and increased research are necessary.

ZAKIRA M. YASEEN,

Kech.